Knowledge in geography channel
Abhiyan Civil Services
Composition and structure of atmosphere.
Notes of Composition and structure of atmosphere. Class 11
Pranjal Batra
Geomorphic Processes class 11 notes
Notes for geography Geomorphic Processes Class 11.
LANDFORMS AND THEIR EVOLUTION
Notes for Composition and structure of atmosphere. Class 11th.
The Northern Mountains (Himalaya)
The Northern Mountains (Himalayas)The Himalayan Mountains form the northern mountain region of India.They are the highest mountain ranges in the world.These mountain ranges start from Pamir Knot in the west and extend up to Purvanchal in the east.Youngest & Loftiest mountain range of the worldFormed by Tectonic Forces & are 2400 Km in LengthAre of varying width → from 400 Km in Kashmir to 160 Km Arunachal PradeshAltitudinal variations are greater in the eastern part than in the western partProminent Features → Highest peaks, Deep valleys & Gorges, Glaciers etc.The Himalayan Mountains can be further divided into following major ranges -Trans Himalayas Immediate to the north of the Great Himalayan RangeMost of the part of this Himalayan range lies in the Tibet and hence also called Tibetan HimalayaRanges →Zaskar, K2 (Godwin Austin), Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram RangeGreater Himalaya (Inner Himalaya) Always covered with snow →Known as HimadriAverage height →6000 mtsMost continuous rangeCore composed of graniteRanges → Mt. Everest, KanchenjungaForests type →Needle leaved coniferousMiddle Himalaya Average height → 3500 – 4500 mtsMost of the valleys & hill stations are located in this range e.g. Kashmir, Kathmandu , NainitalRanges →Pir Panjal, Dhaula Dhar, MahabharatForests type →Broad leaved evergreenOuter Himalaya (Shivalik Range/ Himachals) Average height →600 – 1200 mtsMost of the Dun & Duars are located in this rangeEx. Dehradun, Patlidun (longitudinal valleys)Deciduous type forests
Oisiki Bag
Eastern hills / Purvanchal
Eastern hills / PurvanchalBrahmaputra marks the eastern border of the Himalayas.Beyond the Dihang gorge, the Himalayas bend sharply towards south and form the Eastern hills or Purvanchal which run through the NE India & are mostly composed of sandstonesMishmi hills, Patkai Hills, Naga Hills, Manipuri Hills and Mizo HillsClassification of Himalayas on the basis of Geographic LocationPunjab Himalayas / Kashmir Himalaya / Himachal Himalaya → Between the Indus and SutlejKumaon Himalayas → Between Sutlej and Kali riversNepal Himalayas → Between Kali and Tista riversAssam Himalayas → Between Tista and Dihang rivers Significance of Himalayas for IndiaStrategic significanceActs as a natural frontier of India with other countries (China, Pakistan, Afghanistan)Climatic significance Prevent further northward movement of summer monsoon and also prevent cold northern winds from Siberia to enter into IndiaAgricultural significanceRivers from Himalayas deposits a lot of sediment on its foothold, from which are formed India’s most fertile agricultural grounds known as Northern plainsEconomic significanceHuge hydro-electric power potential of Himalayan rivers + Himalayan timber + Himalayan Herbs & Medicinal plantsTourism SignificanceComprises of Large ecological biodiversity, natural views & hill stations
The North Indian Plain
The North Indian PlainFormed by depositional work of Rivers viz. Indus, Ganga & Brahamputra2400 km long & varying in width from 240 to approx. 320 kmDivided into three sections, viz. the Punjab Plain (Indus), the Ganga Plain and the Brahmaputra PlainPunjab PlainsFormed by the Indus and its tributaries with major portion of this plains in PakistanGanga PlainsBetween Ghaggar and Tista rivers (Haryana, Delhi, UP, Bihar, part of Jharkhand and West Bengal lie in the Ganga plains)Brahmaputra PlainsFrom Tista to Dihang with major portion lying in AssamNorthern plains subdivisionsBhabhar Lies along foothills of Shiwaliks, From Indus to TistaLaid down by streams coming from hillsComprises of pebble studded rocks (Highly porous bed plain)Due to high porosity, streams disappears here Tarai Lies south of Bhabhar & runs parallel to itMarked by re-emergence of underground streams of Bhabhar beltHighly alluvial & agricultural landHas a high water table due to groundwater percolating down from the adjacent zoneKhadar Flood plains with newer alluvium deposited by flood almost every yearMarked with fertile soilZone of intensive agricultureNon porous, clayey and loamyBhangarAlluvial terrace lying above the level of flood plainsComposed of the oldest alluvial soilcoarse in nature, contain kankar (lime nodules), pebbles, gravelsSoil of this region is locally known as kankar viz. calcareous concretions
The Peninsular Plateaus
The Peninsular PlateausLargest of India’s physical divisions – Comprises of broad & shallow valleys with rounded hillsTriangular in shape; composed of the oldest rocks & Surrounded by hillsNarmada – Tapi divides it into 2 parts viz. Central highland & Deccan plateauDivision of Peninsular PlateauThe Central Highland Malwa PlateauBundelkhandBaghelkhandChotanagpur PlateauThe Deccan Plateau Deccan TrapWestern GhatsEastern GhatsNorth-East Extension
The Central Highlands
The Central HighlandsLies to the north of the Narmada river between Aravali in North & Vindhya range in southCovers the major portion of the Malwa plateau (Madhya Pradesh)Rivers in this region flow from southwest to northeast; which indicates the slope of this regionFurther extension of it is Bundelkhand, Bhaghelkhand & Chhota Nagpur PlateauChambal & Betwa flows through it →Region known as Bedland (Not fit for cultivation)Malwa PlateauLies in Madhya Pradesh b/w Aravali & VindhyasExtension of it is Bundelkhand, Bhaghelkhand & Chota Nagpur PlateauBundelkhand Plateau Lies along the borders of UP & MPHas been transformed into ravines by extensive erosional activities of river Chambal & its tributariesChhotanagpur Plateau NE part of Peninsular plateauIncludes Jharkhand, parts of Chhattisgarh & WB,Highest Peak ParasnathFamous as Patland plateau & known as ruhr of India
Deccan Plateau
Deccan PlateauLargest plateau in India; Lies to the south of the Narmada River; Shaped as inverted triangle.Surrounded by Satpura hills, Mahadeo hills, Maikala range, Amarkantak hills and Rajmahal hills i the north; Western Ghats in the west and the Eastern Ghats in the eastVolcanic in origin, made up of horizontal layers of solidified lava forming trap structure with step like appearanceSedimentary layers are also found in between the layers of solidified lava, making it inter-trapping in structureAverage elevation of Western Ghats is 900 – 1600 metres; compared to 600 metres of Eastern GhatsSlopes towards east and south and descends abruptly towards west making sahayadri rangesThe plateau is suitable for the cultivation of cotton; home to rich mineral resources & a source to generate hydroelectric power
Western Ghats
Western GhatsFolded parts of Deccan PlateauAlso known as ShayadriesMore Continuous & higher than Eastern GhatsSeparated from coast by narrow coastal plainsRich watersheds give birth to large peninsular rivers like Godavari and KrishnaExtends from Tapi in North to Kanyakumari in south Important Passes (Rail Links)Thalghat → Mumbai —- KolkataBhorghat → Mumbai —- ChennaiPhalghat → Kochi ——– Chennai Important Hill RangesNilgiri Range (Highest peak → Doda Betta along ooty (Udhagmandalam) →TNHighest Peak of South India → Anaimudi From which 3 ranges radiates in 3 directions Cardmom Hills to south,Anamalai hills to northPalni to North East
Eastern Ghats
Eastern GhatsExtends from Odisha to North of Nilgiri hillsDiscontinuous & lower then Western GhatsDo not give birth to important rivers like western ghatsSeparated from coast by very wide coastal plainsGeologically older than western ghatsMahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri cut through this range to merge with Bay of BengalThe Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats meet in the Nilgiri hillsTelangana Plateau Part of deccan plateaulocated on north of river Krishna Karnataka Plateau South of deccan lava regionConsist of Bababudan hillsFamous for iron ores Dandakaranya Plateau Forms parts of Chhatisgarh & OdishaContains igneous & metamorphic rocks of Archaen periodRiver Indravati & Mahandi flows throuth this plateauLargely inhabited by Gond tribes Shillong PlateauPart of Peninsular Deccan PlateauMade of Garo, Khasi & Jaintia HillsWorld’s highest rainfall receiving point Mawsynram is situated here