Knowledge in Data communication
TRANSMISSION MEDIA AND PHYSICAL LAYER
This PPT contain notes related to TRANSMISSION MEDIA AND PHYSICAL LAYER, which generally thought in 5th semester. And it also contain example questions.
MINTU KUMAR SINGH
Data Communication and Networking Basics
This tutorial should teach you basics of Data Communication and Computer Network (DCN). **Network Basic Understanding :- A system of interconnected computers and computerized peripherals such as printers is called computer network. This interconnection among computers facilitates information sharing among them. Computers may connect to each other by either wired or wireless media. ** Computer Networks ** Types of Computer Networks ** Topologies ** Types of Topologies
Akshay Raj
OSI Model & TCP/IP Model (Data Communication and Networking)
OSI or Open System Interconnection model was developed by International Standards Organization (ISO). It gives a layered networking framework that conceptualizes how communications should be done between heterogeneous systems. It has seven interconnected layers. The seven layers of the OSI Model are a **physical layer, **data link layer, **network layer, **transport layer, **session layer, **presentation layer, and **application layer.
Basics of Networking and Data Communication
A network is a combination of hardware and software that sends data from one location to another. Hardware consists of the physical equipment that carries signals from one point of the network to another. Software consists of instruction sets that make possible the services that we expect from a network. Computer networks are created by different entities. Standards are needed so that these heterogeneous networks can communicate with one another. - An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model - First introduced in late 1970s. - It is a set of protocols that allows any two different systems to communicate regardless of their underlying architecture. - It is a model for understanding and designing a network architecture that is flexible, robust, and interoperable. - It consists of seven ordered, separate but related layers, each of which defines a part of the process of moving information across a network. - Each layer defines a family of functions distinct from those of the other layers. - Within a single machine, Layer 3 uses the services provided by layer 2 and provides services for layer 4. - Between machines, layer x on one machine communicates with layer x on another machine. - This communication is governed by an agreed-upon series of rules and conventions called protocols. - The processes on each machine that communicate at a given layer are called peer-to-peer processes.
Soumya Somayajula
Bandwidth Utilization: Multiplexing and Spreading
Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of available bandwidth to achieve specific goals. Two categories: multiplexing and spreading Efficiency can be achieved by multiplexing Privacy and anti-jamming can be achieved by spreading. Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the devices, the link can be shared. Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link.
Analog and Digital Transmission
Digital-to-Analog Conversion Analog-to-Analog Conversion Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in digital data Data element versus signal element Data rate (bit rate) versus signal rate (baud rate) S = N x 1/r baud S (signal rate), N (data rate), r (number of data element in one signal element) Bit rate: bits per second (in bps) Baud rate: signal elements per second (in baud) Bit rate baud rate Carrier signal (carrier frequency) High-frequency signal used to modulate the information Modulated signal: information modulated by the carrier signal
Transmission Media & Switching
Guided Media Unguided Media: Wireless Transmission media are actually located below the physical layer and are directly controlled by the physical layer. We can say that transmission media belong to layer zero. A transmission medium can be broadly defined as anything that can carry information from a source to a destination. The transmission medium is usually free space, metallic cable, or fiber-optic cable. In telecommunications, transmission media can be divided into two broad categories:
Switching and It's Types
Circuit-Switched Networks Datagram Networks Virtual-Circuit Networks Structure of a Switch A switched network consists of a series of interlinked nodes, called switches. Switches are devices capable of creating temporary connections between two or more devices linked to the switch. In a switched network, some of these nodes are connected to the end systems, others are used only for routing. A circuit-switched network consists of a set of switches connected by physical links. A connection between two stations is a dedicated path made of one or more links. Each connection uses only one dedicated channel on each link. Each link is normally divided into n channels by using FDM or TDM.
DATA COMMUNICATION BASIC KNOWLEDGE
BASIC OBJECTIVE: 1. To introduce fundamental communication models. 2. To discuss various time domain and frequency domain concepts of data communication Data Transmission: Communication model Simplex, half duplex and full duplex transmission - Periodic Analog signals: Sine wave, phase, wavelength, time and frequency domain, bandwidth - Digital Signals; Digital data Transmission:- Analog & Digital data, Analog & Digital signals, Analog &Digital transmission – Transmission Impairments: Attenuation, Delay distortion, Noise - Channel capacity: Nyquist Bandwidth, Shannon's Capacity formula
Jestin P Jiji
DATA COMMUNICATION QUESTION PAPER
All university question paper of data communication.
Multiple Access -Data Communications
It consists of typed notes of Multiple Access. It is shared with me by a student studying at FCRIT, Vashi, and I thought of uploading it here so that the students of first and second-year IT Engineering would benefit a lot from it. Thank You! Enjoy learning.
VEDANT MILIND ATHAVALE
Data Structures and Algorithm - Papers
A data structure is a particular way of organizing data in a computer so that it can be used effectively.In computer science, a data structure is a data organization, management, and storage format that enables efficient access and modification. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data.
Sujal Gera