PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
INTRODUCTION Management have an ethical and social responsibility to themselves, their clients and society. Practically (although there is much debate about this), engineering ethics is about balancing cost, schedule, and risk. Management ethics is a means to increase the ability of concerned engineers, managers, citizens and others to responsibly confront moral issues raised by technological activities. The awareness of moral issues and decisions confronting individuals and organizations are involved in Management &Technology. MANAGEMENT ETHICS WHY STUDY MANAGEMENT ETHICS? Training In Preventive Ethics • Stimulating the moral imagination • Recognizing ethical issues • Developing analytical skills • Eliciting a sense of responsibility • Tolerating disagreement and ambiguity Obstruction to Responsibility • Self-interest. • Fear. • Self-deception. • Ignorance. • Egocentric tendencies. • Microscopic vision. • Groupthink Clearly Wrong Engineering Practices • Lying • Withholding information • Failing to adequately promote the dissemination of information • Failure to seek out the truth • Revealing confidential or proprietary information • Allowing one‘s judgment to be corrupted. Questionable Management Practices • Trimming – smoothing of irregularities to make data look extrem
Dushyant Jodha
CIVIC VIRTUE
Civic virtues are the moral duties and rights, as a citizen of the village or the country or an integral part of the society and environment. An individual may exhibit civic virtues by voting, volunteering, and organizing welfare groups and meetings. The duties are To pay taxes to the local government and state, in time. To keep the surroundings clean and green. Not to pollute the water, land, and air by following hygiene and proper garbage disposal. For example, not to burn wood, tyres, plastic materials, spit in the open, even not to smoke in the open, and not to cause nuisance to the public, are some of the civic (duties)virtues. To follow the road safety rules. On the other hand, the rights are To vote the local or state government. To contest in the elections to the local or state government. To seek a public welfare facility such as a school, hospital or a community hall or transport or communication facility, for the residents. To establish a green and safe environment, pollution free, corruption free, and to follow ethical principles. People are said to have the right to breathe in fresh air, by not allowing smoking in public. People have inalienable right to accept or reject a project in their area. One has the right to seek legal remedy, in this respect, through public interest petition.
A Service-Learning Program Provides Educational Experiences
Under which students learn and develop through active participation in thoughtfully organized service experiences that meet actual community needs and that are coordinated in collaboration with school and community; That are integrated into the students‘ academic curriculum or provide structured time for a student to think, talk, or write about what the student did and saw during the actual service activity; That provides students with opportunities to use newly-acquired skills and knowledge in real-life situations in their own communities; and That enhance what is taught by extending student learning beyond the classroom and into the community and helps to foster the development of a sense of caring for others. SERVICE-LEARNING BENEFITS Service-Learning benefits students by Linking theory to practice Deepening understanding of course materials Enhancing the sense of civic responsibility through civic engagement Allowing students to explore possible career paths Stressing the importance of improving the human condition Developing relevant career-related skills Providing experience in group work and interpersonal communication Promoting interaction with people from diverse backgrounds Instilling a sense of empowerment that enhances self-esteem Service-Learning benefits faculty by Providing exciting new ways to teach familiar material Offering professional development challenges Engaging faculty in meaningful interactions with the community at large Encouraging faculty to form close, interactive, mentoring relationships with students Reminding faculty of the direct consequences of their teaching for society Connecting faculty across academic disciplines through a shared approach to teaching and learning process.
Follow Institution Policies
Abiding by institution policies is a powerful way to demonstrate integrity. Cutting corners and neglecting to follow workplace regulations can lead to mistakes, problems and even dangerous situations. Your willingness to properly record financial transactions, safely dispense of hazardous or toxic materials, follow Institute protocol for dealing with stake holders, perform clean-up or set-up procedures and properly maintain equipment shows others that you're not just looking for the easy way out. Establishing yourself as a trustworthy worker who submits to Institute policies shows your principal and co-employees and students that you'll faithfully carry out your duties.
EXAMPLES OF INTEGRITY AT WORKPLACE
Work When You're on the Clock: Attending and working diligently when you're on the clock is a clear example of workplace integrity. Socializing, surfing the Internet, making personal phone calls, texting and frequent snacking are activities that detract from work time. Saving those activities for break time will show your boss, co-workers and customers that you work hard when you’re on the clock. The career website Calibrate Coaching recommends honoring your work hours by not stealing time from your employer. Even if you don't actually clock in and out with a time card, focusing on your work responsibilities while you're at your desk, work station or production area will showcase your strong work habits.
Values And Integrity
VALUES Humans have the unique ability to define their identity, choose their values and establish their beliefs. All three of these directly influence a person‘s behavior. People have gone to great lengths to demonstrate the validity of their beliefs, including war and sacrificing their own life! Conversely, people are not motivated to support or validate the beliefs of another, when those beliefs are contrary to their own. People will act congruent with their personal values or what they deem to be important. Personal values are defined as: ―Emotional beliefs in principles regarded as particularly favorable or important for the individual. Our values associate emotions to our experiences and guide our choices, decisions and actions. ]INTEGRITY Integrity is defined as the unity of thought, word and deed (honesty) and open mindedness. It includes the capacity to communicate the factual information so that others can make well- informed decisions. It yields the person‘s peace of mind, and hence adds strength and consistency in character, decisions, and actions. This paves way to one‘s success. It is one of the self-direction virtues. It enthuse people not only to execute a job well but to achieve excellence in performance. It helps them to own the responsibility and earn self-respect and recognition by doing the job. Moral integrity is defined as a virtue, which reflects a consistency of one‘s attitudes, emotions, and conduct in relation to justified moral values. Integrity comes inmany
Moral Of human value
MORAL Morals are the welfare principles enunciated by the wise people, based on their experience and wisdom. They were edited or changed rulers according with the development of knowledge in Higher Education and technology time to time. Morality is concerned with principles and practices of morals such as: What ought or ought not to be done in a given situation? What is right or wrong about the handling of a situation? And what is good or bad about the people, policies, and ideals involved?
RESPECT FOR OTHERS
This is a basic requirement for nurturing friendship, team work, and for the synergy it promotes and sustains. The principles enunciated in this regard are: Recognize and accept the existence of other persons as human beings, because they have a right to live, just as you have. Respect others ‘ideas (decisions), words, and labour (actions). One need not accept or approve or award them, but shall listen to them first. One can correct or warn,if they commit mistakes. Some people may wait and watch as fun, if one falls, claiming that they know others’ mistake before and that they will fall! Appreciate colleagues and subordinates on their positive actions. Criticize constructively and encourage them. They are bound to improve their performance, by learning properly and by putting more efforts. Show goodwill ‘on others. Love others. Allow others to grow. Basically, the goodwill reflects on the originator and multiplies itself on everybody. This will facilitate collinearity, focus, coherence, and strength to achieve the goals.
OVERVIEW OF LANGUAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM
LANGUAGE TRANSLATION 1. OVERVIEW OF LANGUAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM Preprocessor A preprocessor produce input to compilers. They may perform the following functions. 1. Macro processing: A preprocessor may allow a user to define macros that are short hands for longer constructs. 2. File inclusion: A preprocessor may include header files into the program text. 3. Rational preprocessor: these preprocessors augment older languages with more modern flow-of-control and data structuring facilities. 4. Language Extensions: These preprocessor attempts to add capabilities to the language by certain amounts to build-in macro Compiler Compiler is a translator program that translates a program written in (HLL) the source program and translates it into an equivalent program in (MLL) the target program. As an important part of a compiler is error showing to the programmer. Source pg Compiler target pgm Error msg 2 Executing a program written n HLL programming language is basically of two parts. the source program must first be compiled translated into a object program. Then the results object program is loaded into a memory executed. ASSEMBLER: programmers found it difficult to write or read programs in machine language. They begin to use a mnemonic (symbols) for each machine instruction, which they would subsequently translate into machine language. Such a mnemonic machine language is now called an assembly language. Programs known as assembler were written to automate the translation of assembly language in to machine language. The input to an assembler program is called source program, the output is a machine language translation (object program). INTERPRETER: An interpreter is a program that appears to execute a source program as if it were machine language. Languages such as BASIC, SNOBOL, LISP can be translated using interpreters. JAVA also uses interpreter. The process of interpretation can be carried out in following phases. 1. Lexical analysis 2. Syntax analysis 3. Semantic analysis 4. Direct Execution Advantages: Modification of user program can be easily made and implemented as execution proceeds. Type of object that denotes various may change dynamically. Debugging a program and finding errors is simplified task for a program used for interpretation. The interpreter for the language makes it machine independent. Disadvantages: • The execution of theprogramis slower. • Memory consumption is more.
List of Compiler
LIST OF COMPILERS 1. Ada compilers 2 .ALGOL compilers 3 .BASIC compilers 4 .C# compilers 5 .C compilers 6 .C++ compilers 7 .COBOL compilers 8 .Common Lisp compilers 9. ECMAScript interpreters 10. Fortran compilers 11 .Java compilers 12. Pascal compilers 13. PL/I compilers 14. Python compilers 15. Smalltalk compile
Compiler vs Interpreter
Introduction to Compiling: Module -I 1.1 INTRODUCTION OF LANGUAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM Fig 1.1: Language Processing System Preprocessor A preprocessor produce input to compilers. They may perform the following functions. 1. Macro processing: A preprocessor may allow a user to define macros that are short hands for longer constructs. 2. File inclusion: A preprocessor may include header files into the program text. 3. Rational preprocessor: these preprocessors augment older languages with more modern flow-ofcontrol and data structuring facilities. 4. Language Extensions: These preprocessor attempts to add capabilities to the language by certain amounts to build-in macro COMPILER Compiler is a translator program that translates a program written in (HLL) the source program and translate it into an equivalent program in (MLL) the target program. As an important part of a compiler is error showing to the programmer. Fig 1.2: Structure of Compiler Executing a program written n HLL programming language is basically of two parts. the source program must first be compiled translated into a object program. Then the results object program is loaded into a memory executed. Fig 1.3: Execution process of source program in Compiler ASSEMBLER Programmers found it difficult to write or read programs in machine language. They begin to use a mnemonic (symbols) for each machine instruction, which they would subsequently translate into machine language. Such a mnemonic machine language is now called an assembly language. Programs known as assembler were written to automate the translation of assembly language in to machine language. The input to an assembler program is called source program, the output is a machine language translation (object program). INTERPRETER An interpreter is a program that appears to execute a source program as if it were machine language. Fig1.4: Execution in Interpreter Languages such as BASIC, SNOBOL, LISP can be translated using interpreters. JAVA also uses interpreter. The process of interpretation can be carried out in following phases. 1. Lexical analysis 2. Synatx analysis 3. Semantic analysis 4. Direct Execution Advantages: Modification of user program can be easily made and implemented as execution proceeds. Type of object that denotes a various may change dynamically. Debugging a program and finding errors is simplified task for a program used for interpretation. The interpreter for the language makes it machine independent. Disadvantages: The execution of the program is slower. Memory consumption is more. LOADER AND LINK-EDITOR: Once the assembler procedures an object program, that program must be placed into memory and executed. The assembler could place the object program directly in memory and transfer control to it, thereby causing the machine language program to be execute. This would waste core by leaving the assembler in memory while the user’s program was being executed. Also the programmer would have to retranslate his program with each execution, thus wasting translation time. To over come this problems of wasted translation time and memory. System programmers developed another component called loader “A loader is a program that places programs into memory and prepares them for execution.” It would be more efficient if subroutines could be translated into object form the loader could”relocate” directly behind the user’s program. The task of adjusting programs o they may be placed in arbitrary core locations is called relocation. Relocation loaders perform four functions. 1.2 TRANSLATOR A translator is a program that takes as input a program written in one language and produces as output a program in another language. Beside program translation, the translator performs another very important role, the error-detection. Any violation of d HLL specification would be detected and reported to the programmers. Important role of translator are: 1 Translating the HLL program input into an equivalent ml program. 2 Providing diagnostic messages wherever the programmer violates specification of the HLL
Object And Class
Java is an Object-Oriented Language. As a language that has the Object-Oriented feature, Java supports the following fundamental concepts: Polymorphism Inheritance Encapsulation Abstraction Classes Objects Instance Method Message Parsing In this chapter, we will look into the concepts - Classes and Objects. Object - Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has states - color, name, breed as well as behaviors – wagging the tail, barking, eating. An object is an instance of a class. Class - A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes the behavior/state that the object of its type support. Objects in Java Let us now look deep into what are objects. If we consider the real-world, we can find many objects around us, cars, dogs, humans, etc. All these objects have a state and a behavior. If we consider a dog, then its state is - name, breed, color, and the behavior is - barking, wagging the tail, running. If you compare the software object with a real-world object, they have very similar characteristics. Software objects also have a state and a behavior. A software object's state is stored in fields and behavior is shown via methods. So in software development, methods operate on the internal state of an object and the object-to-object communication is done via methods. 4. Java – Objects & Classes Java 14 Classes in Java A class is a blueprint from which individual objects are created. Following is a sample of a class. public class Dog{ String breed; int ageC String color; void barking(){ } void hungry(){ } void sleeping(){ } } A class can contain any of the following variable types. Local variables: Variables defined inside methods, constructors or blocks are called local variables. The variable will be declared and initialized within the method and the variable will be destroyed when the method has completed. Instance variables: Instance variables are variables within a class but outside any method. These variables are initialized when the class is instantiated. Instance variables can be accessed from inside any method, constructor or blocks of that particular class. Class variables: Class variables are variables declared within a class, outside any method, with the static keyword. A class can have any number of methods to access the value of various kinds of methods. In the above example, barking(), hungry() and sleeping() are methods. Following are some of the important topics that need to be discussed when looking into classes of the Java Language. Constructors When discussing about classes, one of the most important sub topic would be constructors. Every class has a constructor. If we do not explicitly write a constructor for a class, the Java compiler builds a default constructor for that class. Java 15 Each time a new object is created, at least one constructor will be invoked. The main rule of constructors is that they should have the same name as the class. A class can have more than one constructor. Following is an example of a constructor: public class Puppy{ public Puppy(){ } public Puppy(String name){ // This constructor has one parameter, name. } } Java also supports Singleton Classes where you would be able to create only one instance of a class. Note: We have two different types of constructors. We are going to discuss constructors in detail in the subsequent chapters.