Knowledge in MBA AND PGDM
Accounts Assignment
Smokey Valley case on managerial accounting
Sachin Agarwal
Micro Economics Project
Micro Economics Project
Micro Economics Assignment
Excel Solutions on demand supply questions
MicroEconomics Presentation
Micro Economics Marketing Activity Presentation
Project management
Project management is the practice of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria at the specified time.The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goals within the given constraints.This information is usually described in project documentation, created at the beginning of the development process. The primary constraints are scope, time, quality and budget The secondary—and more ambitious—challenge is to optimize the allocation of necessary inputs and apply them to meet pre-defined objectives.The object of project management is to produce a complete project which complies with the client's objectives. In many cases the object of project management is also to shape or reform the client's brief to feasibly be able to address the client's objectives. Once the client's objectives are clearly established they should influence all decisions made by other people involved in the project – for example project managers, designers, contractors and sub-contractors. Ill-defined or too tightly prescribed project management objectives are detrimental to decision making.Project management typesProject management methods can be applied to any project. It is often tailored to a specific type of projects based on project size, nature and industry. For example, the construction industry, which focuses on the delivery of things like buildings, roads, and bridges, has developed its own specialized form of project management that it refers to as construction project management and in which project managers can become trained and certified. The information technology industry has also evolved to develop its own form of project management that is referred to as IT project.For each type of project management, project managers develop and utilize repeatable templates that are specific to the industry they're dealing with. This allows project plans to become very thorough and highly repeatable, with the specific intent to increase quality, lower delivery costs, and lower time to deliver project results.
shikha thakur
Dividend policy
Meaning of Dividend: A dividend is that portion of profits and surplus funds of a company which has actually set aside by a valid act of the company for distribution among its shareholders.According to ICAI, “Dividend is the distribution to the shareholders of a company from the reserves and profits.”In the words of S.M. Shah, “Dividend is a part of divisible profits of a business company which is distributed to the shareholders.”Dividend may be divided into following categories:1. Cash Dividend.2. Stock Dividend or Bonus Dividend.3. Bond Dividend.4. Property Dividend.5. Composite Dividend.6. Interim Dividend.7. Special or Extra Dividend.8. Optional Dividend.Meaning of Dividend Policy: A policy which determines the amount of earnings to be distributed to the shareholders and the amount to be retained in the company as retained earnings, is called dividend policy. In short, dividend policy determines the division of earnings between payment to shareholders and retained earnings.Types of Dividend PolicyDividend policy varies according to characteristics, level of earnings, stability and attitude of management of the firm. Following are the types of dividend policies:1. Conservative Dividend Policy.2. Liberal Dividend Policy.3. Stable Dividend Policy.Stable Dividend Policy: Stability of dividends means regularity in payment of dividends. It refers to the consistency in stream of dividends. In short, we can say that a stable dividend policy is a long term policy which is not affected by the variations in the earnings during different periods. The stability of dividends can take any one of the three forms:1. Constant D/P ratio.2. Constant dividends per share.3. Constant dividend per share plus extra dividends.1. Constant D/P Ratio: The ratio of dividends to earnings is known as payout ratio. With this policy the amount of dividends varies directly with the earnings.2. Constant Dividend Per share: According to this form, a company follows as policy of paying a constant dividend irrespective of its level of earnings.3. Stable Dividend plus Extra Dividends: Under this policy a firm usually pays a small fixed dividend to the shareholders and in years of prosperity additional dividend is paid over and above the fixed dividend.Merits of Stable Dividend Policy: Following are some of the advantages of a stable dividend policy:1. This policy contributes to stablise market value of company’s equity shares at a high level.2. This policy helps the company is mobilizing additional funds in the form of additional equity shares.3. Regular earnings in the form of dividend satisfy investors.4. This policy encourages shareholders to hold company’s share for longer time and simultaneously other investors are also attracted for the purchase of shares.5. This policy is helpful for expansion and growth prospects of a company.6. This policy encourages the institutional investors because they like to invest in those companies which make uninterrupted payment of dividends.Demerits of Stable Dividend Policy: Following are some of the disadvantages of a stable dividend policy:1. Sometime despite of large earnings, management decides not to declare dividends.2. In this policy, instead of paying dividend in cash, bonus share are issued to the shareholders.3. This policy is used to capitalise reinvested earnings of the firm.
Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship
Introduction of entrepreneurship
Business communication
Contents of business communication
Class is a learning organization
This article is to point of view whether or not a class is a learning organization. While it is highly subjective, I have jotted down my views about the same without any bias.
Arumuga Vinayagam
Case Study
This is to understand the dynamics of different people through a story. This has been self-created and can be used as a reading material or supplement for a course on organizational behaviour
Organizational Learning
A ppt of organizational learning
Air Pollution
DPSIR Framework for air pollution