What Forces Are Involved in Porter's Five Forces Model?
Porter's Five Forces Model contains the following factors:
Competitive Rivalry
Power Of Suppliers
Power Of Buyers
Threat Of Substitutes
Threat Of New Entrants
It is imperative to investigate each of these factors during research prior to entering a new industry or even when you would like to improve business performance.
Competitive Rivalry
Competitive rivalry is a good starting point to when analysing a particular industry. If entry to an industry is easy then competitive rivalry is likely to be high. If it is easy for customers to move to substitute products for example from coke to water then again rivalry will be high. Generally competitive rivalry will be high when:
There is little differentiation between the products sold by competitors.
Competitors are approximately the same size as each other
Competitors have similar strategies
It is costly to leave the industry
Power Of Suppliers
Suppliers are also essential for the success of an organisation as they provide businesses with the resources they need to conduct their business. Supplier power will be strong when:
There is a small number of firms offering the supplier needed
It is expensive to move from one supplier to another (known also as switching cost
There is no substitute for the product provided by the supplier
Power Of Buyers
Buyers or customers can exert influence and control over an industry in certain circumstances. This happens when:
There is little differentiation over the product and substitutes can be found easily by customers/buyers.
Buyers/customers are sensitive to price fluctuations.
Switching to another product is not costly for customers/buyers.
Threat Of Substitutes
Are there alternative products that customers can purchase instead of yours? alternative products that offer the same benefit as your products? The threat from substitute (competitor) products is high when:
The price of the substitute (competitor) product falls.
It is easy for consumers to switch from one substitute product to another.
Buyers are willing to substitute products from different competitors.
Threat of New Entrant
The threat of new organisations entering the industry is high when it is easy for an organisation to enter the industry i.e. entry barriers are low. When a new business is deciding whether to enter an industry it will look at:
How loyal customers are to existing products,
How quickly it can achieve economy of scales
Would it have access to suppliers and
Would government legislation prevent them or encourage them to enter the industry.